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Question:

Are some firearms stainless steel coated or finished while others are all stainless?

I'm kind of confused as to how the difference between a stainless steel and blued steel firearm is sometimes only $20 or so. Isn't stainless steel fairly more expensive to manufacture than plain carbon steel? Are some stainless steel firearms simply stainless steel finished with carbon steel underneath?

Answer:

Stainless guns are made out of stainless steel. Now there are also guns that are coated in nickel. Those are made of the usual gun steel. Stainless steel isn't really that much more expensive than normal steel when bought in large quanities.
I don't know that stainless can be laminated to steel very easily. Stainless is a little more expensive. The problem comes in that stainless is much harder to machine that normal gun steel. With laminated steel, you would still have the problem of machining the stainless. Occasionally firearms are nickle plated or barrels are chrome lined.
No, there are no rifles produced that are carbon steel underneath with a stainless steel finish. Typically, gun prices are set by whatever people will pay for the finished product, NOT based on what the material costs actually are. Even if the stainless were CHEAPER to produce, manufacturers could still charge a premium on those products because it offers an advantage to the user (less maintenance). Stainless is seen as an upgrade because of the maintenance and the good looks, so it's like an upgrade option on a sports car, even if it doesn't improve actual performance, it improves the marketability for the product, so it increases the product price. For rifle barrels, many manufactures do NOT charge a high mark up for stainless steel because even though YES is is harder to machine, they don't have to blue the part, which is an extra processing step, and extra materials cost. So when a stainless steel blank is made, it is machined, washed, and finished, but a chrome-moly barrel much be machined, washed, prep'd, hot blued, and finished.
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