Could an energy beam from a Satellite or the Sun, cause nukes to detonate in their silos?
Only if that same energy beam could cause a conventional warhead to explode. A conventional explosion within the warhead is needed to detonate a nuclear device.
No. It is the precise creation of a critical mass of fissionable material that causes the nuke to explode and some energy beam could not cause this to happen unless there were some way you could cause the trigger mechanism to fire. In this way the bomb would explode just like it was supposed to only do so at the wrong time. The standard nuclear weapon is spherical sort of like a soccer ball and has a number of high explosive panels aimed inwards. They must all fire within less than a millisecond or so in order to create the pressure wave that compresses the radioactive core of the bomb thus creating the critical mass and the bomb explodes. If the timing of these explosive panels is spread out over some longer peiod of time, the critical mass will not be created and you will not get a nuclear explosion. The timing is critical for the correct working of the device.
