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Question about variables on a science fair project.?

My son is in the 5th grade and is doing a science fair projectHe is testing the buoyancy of a aluminum foil ball filled with ten pennies, compared to a aluminum foil boat filled with ten pennies.Now this may be cheating, but I have no idea what to do, so I can't help him much so I need some help.What are variables? And how are they used here?Thanks.

Answer:

Lasagna 15 ounce container Ricotta Cheese 1 egg 2 T dried parsley ? pound lean ground beef ? pound hot sausage 12 dried lasagna noodles 28 ounces of plain spaghetti sauce (home made is preferred) 2 cups Mozzarella cheese 1 cup grated Parmesan cheese Preheat oven to 350F Cook lasagna noodles per package instructions to the al dente timeDrain and put on paper towels to absorb excess water Mix ricotta cheese, egg and parsley together, set asideBrown the beef and the sausage until cooked, drain and set asideIt is not necessary to pre-heat the sauceIn a sprayed 9 x 13 inch casserole dish or a lasagna pan, cover the bottom with about ? cup of the sauceLay down, overlapping as needed, 3 noodlesSpread ? of the ricotta mixture evenly over the noodlesSpread 1/3 of the cooked meat over the ricottaSpread 1-1.5 cups of the spaghetti sauceSpread ? cup of the Mozzarella, and a shaking to taste of the ParmesanRepeat layers: noodles, ricotta, meat, sauce, cheeses, 2 more times, using up all the ricotta and meat in the third layerMake 1 more layer of noodles; use all the rest of your sauce, and all the rest of the mozzarella and Parmesan on top Note: Lasagna making is not an exact scienceA little more or less of this or that only makes a difference to the cook, not the customer Mike’s Pork Chops 4 boneless pork chops 1/2-3/4” thick Salt and Pepper ? C Parmesan cheese, finely grated 2 eggs – lightly beaten 1Cup plain or Italian bread crumbs 4 T oil 1T butter Wash pork chops, pat dry Salt and liberally pepper the pork chops Dip in Parmesan cheese, coat well, shake off any excess Dip in eggs both sides, shake off excess Dip in bread crumbs, both sides Heat oil and butter in pan over Medium to Medium HI heatPut pork chops in skillet; cook 6-7 minutes on each side until crispDon’t keep flipping themCook one side then the otherRemove and serve
Banana Cheesecake with Caramel Sauce Ingredients 2 cups graham cracker crumbs 1/3 cup margarine, melted 1/4 cup white sugar 3 (8 ounce) packages cream cheese, softened 3/4 cup white sugar 3 eggs 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 1/2 cup mashed banana 1 (12 fluid ounce) can evaporated milk 1 (14 ounce) package individually wrapped caramels, unwrapped 1 banana, sliced Directions Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C)In a medium bowl, mix together the graham cracker crumbs, 1/4 cup sugar, and melted margarinePress into the bottom of a greased 9x13 inch baking dishIn another bowl, mix together the cream cheese and 3/4 cup sugar until smoothBlend in the eggs one at a time, then stir in the vanilla and mashed bananaPour into the prepared crustBake for 30 minutes in the preheated oven, or until the center is setCool, and refrigerate for at least 3 hoursCombine evaporated milk and caramels in a saucepan over medium heatCook stirring frequently until caramels are melted and the mixture is smoothGarnish the cheesecake with banana slices, and drizzle caramel sauce overI've made this recipe several times and the one fresh fruit that tastes the best is Strawberries on topI also like a drizzle of White Chocolate too, but if you don't want to do that, it's OK, just saying that there's always more to add, if you want!
roasted chicken with potatoes lots of lemon and fresh herbs(any will do) a salad on the side and crusty bread to dip in pan juices! it's my fav meal
Beef Stew 28 3/4 ozbeef stew meat 5/6 cup cold water 1 large chopped onion 4 tablespoon oil 1 tablespoon salt 1 teaspoon pepper 1 slice carrot 1 small turnip, sliced 2 medium potatoes 2 cups split peas Season the chopped beef meat with salt and pepperSet asideIn a saucepan, heat the oilDredge the beef in some flourAdd the beef to the pan, cooking every side until brownedAdd the water and cook for 2-3 hoursFill a separate saucepan with water, add the peas, and coverBring to a boilKeep the meat covered with water and, when half-done, add the vegetables, cut fine, and the seasoningsRemove the meat and place in a serving platterRub the peas through a puree strainer and, after removing the fat from the meat liquid, add the peas to the latterServe hot.
Variables are the parameters you control, and the effects you measureThere are two kinds - independent variables and dependent variablesFor example, the shape of the aluminum foil is an independent variableYou control itThe buoyancy of the pennies in the foil is a dependent variabeIt depends on the independent variableIf your experiment was to measure the effect of sunlight on plant growth, the independent variable would be time in the sun, and the dependent variable might be growth of the plantYou might measure buoyancy by simply determining if the objects sink or floatAlternatively, you could measure the amount of water displaced by the objects like this: Fill a measuring cup (ideally with many markings for precise measurement) with waterPut in the foil-pennies, and see how much the water level risesThis is a measure of how deep the objects sank.

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