What does LL represent in steel structures?
Generally, coupling beams have small span, large section and large stiffness of wall connected with coupling beams. Generally, the internal forces of the coupling beams are often large under the influence of wind and earthquake loads. In the calculation of internal force, the stiffness of the coupling beam is usually reduced, but the displacement calculation is usually not reduced.
Common steel girders may be floor beams or other common beamsIn terms of frame beams
LL means coupling beam.The coupling beam refers to the connection between the wall member and the wall member in the shear wall structure and the frame shear wall structure, and the coupling beam is the beam at both ends connected with the shear wall in the plane
