Would they be easy to remove and not damage the floor (ugly linoleum) when I have to move out at the end of the year?
no the damage would be hreat every thing would have to be removed down to the bare wood. thats what peel and stick tiles do STICK.
Peel and stick tiles are supposed to stick. They don't always stick very well but if they do you might have some trouble getting them or the adhesive off the original floor. I wouldn't do this. All kinds of vinyl flooring are intended to be more or less permanent, not something you take with you when you move. You could get a sheet of vinyl and put it on the floor, sticking it down at the edges with double sided tape. You could get a piece of carpet, or carpet tiles. But honestly, you are in temporary accommodation. Can't you live with what's there for this relatively short time?
Damage? No. But how are you going to get them and the adhesive off when you go?
