Question:

Unpaired electrons?

how many unpaired electrons are in the following ionsAl3+ and Cl-

Answer:

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The easiest way to answer this type of question is to look at a periodic tableRecall that it is organized according to electronic configuration, with the first two columns correspond to the s orbitals, the next ten to the d orbitals, and the last six to the p orbitalsAluminum is in group IIIA, so it has three valence electronsThe first two are in the s-block, and are thus paired upThe last one is in the p-block, and is unpairedHowever, an aluminum atom stripped of 3 electrons (e.gAl3+) is left with no valence electrons at all-only the electrons in the filled, lower-energy shellsChlorine is in group VIIA, so it has seven valence electronsThe first two are in the s-block, so they're paired offThe other five are in the p-blockSince the p-block can accommodate 6 electrons, but chlorine only has 5, one of them must be unpairedHowever, if a chlorine atom gains an extra electron (e.gCl-), this last electron pairs up with the gained electron, and it too, has no unpaired electrons.

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