Does current flow through an inductor if it is connected to a dc source without any other component such as resistance or capacitor?
In a real situation, yes. Though this would be a brief and violent flow (since you're assuming the resistance is negligible). In an ideal circuit analysis, such a circuit is impossible, meaning that the circuit equations produce an undefined result. For example, the voltage across an inductor is: V L*?i/?t. Since the current does not change for a DC source, the result is V 0. This is well and good provided that your source is outputting zero volts. If not, you have a disagreement in your system of equations. This is assuming, of course, that your ideal situation does not include transients. If you have no resistance, though, the calculation of transients would be problematic as well (though not impossible.)
yes, an inductor presents a very low resistance to DC. An ideal inductor has zero DC resistance, ie, it is a short to a DC source.
Yes sure, the inductor would hate the introduction of any other component such as resistance or capacitor to benefit of the full flow of current.
Yes, the current will rise until it is limited by the source or until the wire of the inductor fuses open.
