Is it higher in January when the earth is closer to the sun than in July, or does the earth absorb more heat in July than January because there is more landmass getting direct sunlight in July?
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While the amount of energy that reaches the earth from the sun is nearly constant, As you mentioned there are other factors that become involvedThe one that is uncontrollable and seems to have a pronounced affect on temperature is when there is a major volcano eruption and huge amounts of ash blanket the upper part of the atmosphereThe eruptions of MtPinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 left an unmistakable dip in global temperatures especially in the northern hemisphereThe other major factor appears to be the variance of clouds which of course reflects a large amount of energy into space rather than letting it pass through the atmosphereI do believe that pollution also contributes, but that is very debatable and at best only a small contributor if at all.
