Beginning with DNA in both chromatin and nucleolic form, and proceeding through the various relevant organelles to the extracellular matrix.
Beginning in the nucleus, DNA is wound tightly into chromatin to allow it all to fit. When a segment of DNA is needed, the chromatin unwinds, with the help of enzymes and proteins, revealing a section of nucleolar DNA. This DNA is then transcribed into messenger RNA. mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where is it translated into an immature peptide/protein by ribosomes and the translational apparatus. This protein leaves the ribosome and enters the endoplasmic reticulum. It is important to note, some ribosomes are located on the endoplasmic reticulum, making it easier for the protein to move there, while others are free floating in the cytoplasm. Once inside the endoplasmic reticulum, the protein is modified. It can be processed in many ways, from the addition of signal tags and peptides, to proper folding and orientation. The mature protein then moves into the golgi apparatus, where is is packaged into a small vesicle. This vesicle carries the protein to the inside of the cell membrane, where it fuses and through exocytosis, or in some cases channel mediated transfer, allows the protein to be released into the extracellular matrix.
