what type of silicate structure does each have and how would you distinguish between them on the basis of cleavage?
Sand, iron ore, mica, shale, quartz among several other trace amounts of minerals would be highly probable. Depending on the area, there may be possible diamond traces.
I assume you are in the southeastern US? The clay is probably kaolinite and the quartz is quartz. You may or may not have a decent supply of nice quartz crystals. This depends on the local environmental conditions when the quartz veins were forming. If you find your land on a USDA-NRCS soil survey, the soil series that is mapped on your land may give you additional information on local mineralogy
